![]() Depending on the methodology, estimates of CSF production rates in a given species can extend over a ten-fold range. To this end, we now review the existing methods developed to measure CSF production, including invasive, noninvasive, direct, and indirect methods, and MRI-based techniques. Therefore, we consider it to be a matter of paramount importance to quantify better the rate of CSF production, thereby obtaining a better understanding of CSF dynamics. Despite this key function of CSF, there is little information about its production rate, the factors controlling CSF production, and the impact of diseases on CSF flux. In particular, CSF is now intensively studied as a carrier for the removal of proteins implicated in neurodegeneration, such as amyloid-β and tau. CSF is also transported via the glymphatic pathway to reach deep interstitial brain regions along perivascular channels this CSF clearance pathway promotes transport of energy metabolites and signaling molecules, and the clearance of metabolic waste. CSF provides buoyancy to the submerged brain, thus protecting it against mechanical injury. CSF then fills the subarachnoid space from whence it disperses to all parts of the CNS, including the forebrain and spinal cord. ![]() According to the concept of the “third circulation” originally proposed by Cushing, CSF is mainly produced by the choroid plexus and subsequently leaves the cerebral ventricles via the foramen of Magendie and Luschka. ![]() Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an essential and critical component of the central nervous system (CNS). ![]()
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